Micah 6:1-8; Psalm
15; I Corinthians 1:18-31; Matthew 5:1-12.
God requires a reversal of human
goals, so the poor and the meek will inherit the ultimate blessings.
Micah 6:1-8.
This prophetic reading presents Israel , the favored people of the Lord, challenged to remember God’s past
salvation and to become absolutely clear about God’s bottom-line requirement of
the people.
Recent scholars have called the scene presented in
this passage a covenant
lawsuit. God the superior partner, who has given
protection, lands, and benefits, has expectations of the dependent
partner. If these expectations are not
met, God summons a hearing to indict the guilty partner, and argues his case
(through the prophet).
While such a lawsuit is not complete here, we do
have the following:
·
a
summons on a cosmic level to hear God’s charge against the people (verses 1-2),
·
a
speech of God to the people reminding them of the saving deeds from exodus to
conquest of the land, for which they are expected to be grateful (verses 3-5),
·
and
– not an obvious part of a covenant lawsuit – a speculative inquiry about what
one should present to God as a pleasing offering (verses 6-7).
The answer to this speculative inquiry is the punch
line of the passage, if not of the entire book.
What does the Lord require of you?
The answer: to
do justice (mishpāt), to love kindness (hesed), and to walk very
carefully with one’s God.
(The word usually translated “(walk) humbly” occurs
only here, and its meaning is not clear.
Recent proposals for translating it include “cautiously,” “carefully,”
“wisely,” and “reasonably.” The Greek
translation gives, “…be prepared to walk with your God.”)
Noteworthy here is that the recitation of God’s
saving actions comes before the question of God’s requirements. That is, salvation precedes God’s requirements, grace precedes works.
Originally there was the exodus, out of which came
the leadership of Moses, Aaron, and Miriam (verse 4); then there was the enemy
king Balak of Moab, who tried to destroy Israel in the wilderness (verse 5a);
and then there was the progression from Shittim to Gilgal (verse 5b), which is
the entry into the promised land (related at length in Joshua 1-6). There is no mention of the sacred mountain,
of God’s giving the law or making a covenant.
After the saving acts have established the favored people in the
land comes the question of what such a people should present to God.
It might be expected that such a fortunate people,
settled in a prosperous land, should present generous gifts from their
possessions. Animals from their flocks,
oil from their olive groves, even firstborn children to be dedicated to the
Lord (verses 6-7) – such would be acceptable gifts to return to God.
But the punch line here is a sweeping declaration
that no amount of sacrifices and produce from the land will satisfy what God
requires. One cannot buy acceptance
before God.
He has told you, O mortal, what is good;
and what
does the Lord require of you
but to do justice, and to love kindness,
and to
walk humbly with your God? (verse 8, NRSV).
God’s requirement is for justice, kindness (mercy),
and readiness to walk with God. What God
requires of the people is not wealth, or status, or power, but a shaping of
one’s attitude and behavior within one’s community – toward the common
good.
Psalm 15.
The Psalm reading
also tells what the Lord
requires of faithful followers.
The opening cry is a question to God. “Who may abide in your tent?” That is, who may have access to the Lord’s
palace – the temple – to plead a case or present gifts of gratitude? The answer is a succinct list of the
qualities and actions of the acceptable person.
Such a list is what scholars call an entrance
liturgy.
It is striking how many of the qualities of the
acceptable person have to do with speech. As described in verses 2-4 (NRSV), this
person will
1. “speak the truth from their heart”;
2. will not “slander with their tongue;”
3. will not “take up a reproach against
their neighbors;”
4. will “stand by their oath even to
their hurt;”
5. will not take interest on loans, and
especially ,
6. will not take a bribe to influence
their verdict given in a court.
Such honest and truth-telling people will be a firm
foundation; they “shall never be moved” (verse 5).
I Corinthians 1:18-31.
In our previous reading from this letter, Paul
raised the issue of divisions within
the Corinthian congregation(s). There is
a Paul group, an Apollos group, and a Cephas (Peter) group, maybe even a Christ
group (I Corinthians 1:11 -12). Paul will discuss this
issue throughout the first four chapters of this letter.
In
our passage, Paul switches from the local
details to a general discussion of status consciousness and the gospel
of the Cross.
This passage is a topos, a topic Paul had to
discuss again and again, to different audiences and at different lengths, in
his preaching and teaching. The title
of this topic is given at the top: The Logos of the Cross.
The thesis of
the topos is: “The message (Greek is
“logos”) about the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing, but to us
who are being saved it is the power of God” (verse 18, NRSV). The topos begins and ends with scripture
quotations, verse 19, quoting Isaiah 29:14, and verse 31, which is Paul’s
variation on Jeremiah 9:24, both passages about God overriding human wisdom.
There is rhetorical skill in Paul’s development of
this topic. Observe the patterns:
Verse 20.
Where is the wise one? [modified]
Where is the scribe?
Where is the debater of this age?
Has not God made foolish the wisdom
of the world?
Verses 26-28.
Not many of you were wise by human
standards;
not many were powerful,
not many were of noble birth.
God chose what is foolish in the
world to shame the wise;
God chose what is weak in the world
to shame the strong;
God chose what is low and despised
in the world,
things that are not, to reduce to
nothing things that are.
The major alternatives in the religious world of the
Corinthians stand in opposition to the gospel message, and that means believers
must discover that the gospel makes entirely new expectations of them. They will appear to be the “nothings” of the
society. But in their believing and
living by the cross they will become the wisdom of God and reveal God’s
expectations for all people.
This reversal of the ways of the world, this
paradoxical change in the meaning of wisdom, stands in line with the
requirements of God as Jesus taught them anew in the Sermon on the Mount.
Matthew 5:1-12.
The Gospel reading
is the opening of what is probably the most famous extended Christian statement
of what God requires, the Sermon on the Mount.
This opening of the Sermon is the Beatitudes (from the Latin
for “blessings”).
In the Gospel According to Matthew Jesus is
presented as re-enacting some of the critical events of the beginning of Israel .
·
Jesus
was taken to Egypt so that he could fulfill the prophecy, “Out of Egypt have I called my son” (Matthew 2:15 , NRSV).
·
Jesus
escaped the slaughter of the infants by Herod as Moses had escaped the killing
of Israelite children by Pharaoh.
·
Jesus
passed through the waters of baptism (the exodus) and was subjected to
temptations in the wilderness – temptations which the Israelites always fell
for but which Jesus resists (Matthew 4:1-11).
·
Jesus
goes to Galilee , calls disciples, and ascends a mountain to deliver
God’s word to the people, as Moses had done on Mount Sinai .
On Mount
Sinai , God’s own words
gave the ten commandments, and then went on (through Moses) to further laws and
requirements for the people. The Sermon
on the Mount begins with the “beatitudes.”
These are not commandments, and they are not exactly ten in number, but
they stand at the beginning of all else as the Lord’s proclamation of who is
truly blessed.
The beatitudes are the statement of the behavior of
those included in this new covenant community.
We may presume that these “blessed ones” are the models of Christian
behavior in the churches of Syria , and perhaps especially Antioch , in the second generation of the Jesus
followers.
Who are the blessed?
·
The
poor (in spirit) – also in Luke (6:20 -23).
·
Those
mourning – Luke has “those who weep.”
·
The
meek.
·
Those
hungry and thirsty (for righteousness) – the hungry in Luke.
·
The
merciful.
·
The
pure in heart.
·
The
peacemakers.
·
Those
persecuted (for righteousness).
·
Those
reviled and persecuted for the Lord’s sake – also in Luke.
All these gentle and modest people are blessed
because a great reversal is coming in their favor.
The poor and persecuted will receive the kingdom of
heaven. The mourners and the hungry will
have their conditions reversed. The meek
will inherit the land, the pure in heart will see God, and the peacemakers will
be called God’s children.
The last in the list is probably a late emphasis
addressed to a seriously persecuted church.
“Rejoice and be glad, …for in the same way they persecuted the prophets
who were before you.” (verse 12)
These beatitudes are only the preface to the Sermon
on the Mount. That Sermon will go on to
lay out at length the behavior prescribed for the people of the new
community. The blessed ones at the
beginning have a head start; they already show in the world the ways of God’s
people. The rest of the nations will
learn from them and in time enter into the blessings of the kingdom that is
already at work in the world.
Such was the view of Jesus’ work shaped by the
Gospel writer, expressing the faith of the people of Galilee and Syria in the days of the Roman emperors.
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